ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 affects the liver, causing alteration in liver biochemistry tests such as aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and albumin. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of alteration in liver functions tests and associated factors for severity among Peruvian COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was performed in 4 public hospitals in Peru. Patients admitted to hospitalization wards and intensive care units with a diagnosis COVID-19 were enrolled. The evaluation of AST, ALT, ALP, totalbilirubin and albumin was performed. Associations with demographic and medical data were assessed. RESULTS: 1,100 patients were enrolled, of which 81.7% had altered liver function tests. Only 2.8% of the patients had cirrhosis and 2.1% hepatitis B/C virus. AST and ALT were altered at admission in 64.7% and 63.7%, of the patients respectively. Factors associated with liver injury were: being female OR=0.53 (95% CI: 0.39-0.73; p<0.01), dyslipidemia OR=1.72 (95% CI: 1.10-2.70; p=0.01), previous medication OR=1.56 (95% CI: 1.12 -2.16, p<0.01) and fever OR=1.43 (95% CI: 1.03-1.199, p=0.03). Disease severity was associated with levels of AST and ALT (p<0.01). Patients taking self-medication OR=1.56 (95% CI: 1.12-2.16; p<0.01) and paracetamol OR= 1.41 (95% CI:1.01-1.98; p=0.04) had higher risk of liver injury. Meanwhile, corticosteroids OR=0.55 (95% CI: 0.38-0.78; p<0.01) and enoxaparin OR=0.53 (95% CI: 0.35- 0.81; p<0.01) were protective factors. CONCLUSIONS: Peruvian patients with COVID-19 presented high prevalence of alteration in liver function tests, high levels of AST and ALT were related to disease severity.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Liver , Liver Function Tests , Peru/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción : La canulación difícil en casos de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) podría asociarse a diversos factores incluyendo el tipo de papila mayor, sin embargo, existen datos limitados con respecto a esta posible asociación. Objetivos : Determinar la asociación entre el tipo de papila y la canulación biliar difícil. Materiales y métodos : Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo transversal analítico en pacientes mayores de 18 años en quienes se realizó CPRE en papila virgen, de julio 2019 a abril 2021, en una institución privada. Se excluyeron las canulaciones frustras. La papila fue clasificada en base a la clasificación de Haraldsson. Se evaluó la asociación cruda y ajustada a posibles confusores entre el tipo de papila y canulación difícil. Se calcularon los riesgos relativo (RR) e intervalos de confianza al 95%. Resultados : Se incluyeron 188 pacientes. La edad media fue 55 años, el 66% de sexo femenino. La indicación más frecuente fue coledocolitiasis con 88,5%. El tipo de papila duodenal mayor más frecuente fue el tipo 1 (32%), seguido de tipo 3 (27%), tipo 2 (25%) y tipo 4 (16%). Las papilas tipo 2, 3, 4 presentaron una relación significativa con canulación difícil comparadas con la tipo 1 (p<0,001, p<0,001 y p=0,008 respectivamente). La indicación diferente a coledocolitiasis también mostró una relación significativa con canulación difícil (p<0,001). En el análisis ajustado, El RR para canulación difícil en comparación con la papila tipo 1 fue: de 2,51 (IC 95% 1,23-5,94) para la papila tipo 2, 3,72 (IC 95% 1,79-7,71) para la papila tipo 3 y 3,41 (IC 95% 1,54-7,71) para la tipo 4. La indicación distinta a la coledocolitiasis también se asoció a un mayor riesgo de canulación difícil con un RR de 2.36 (IC95% 1,57-3,56). El precorte tipo fistulotomía fue usado con mayor frecuencia en la papila tipo 3 (46%) mientras que el uso de canulótomo fue más frecuente en la papila tipo 4 (29,6%). Conclusiones : Los tipos de papila 2, 3 y 4, están asociados a mayor riesgo de canulación difícil. Ello debe ser considerado al momento de realizar la CPRE a fin de reducir el riesgo de complicaciones.
ABSTRACT Introduction : Difficult cannulation in cases of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) could be associated with several factors, including: type of major papilla, however, there are limited data regarding this possible association. Objectives : To determine the association between the type of papilla and difficult biliary cannulation. Materials and methods : A retrospective cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in patients over 18 years old who underwent ERCP on papilla naive, from July 2019 to April 2021, in a private institution. Unsuccessful cannulations were excluded. The papilla was classified based on Haraldsson classification. The crude association and adjusted for possible confounders between the type of papilla and difficult cannulation was evaluated. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results : 188 patients were included. The mean age was 55 years, 66% female. The most frequent indication was choledocholithiasis with 88.5%. The most frequent type of major duodenal papilla was type 1 (32%), followed by type 3 (27%), type 2 (25%) and type 4 (16%). Type 2, 3, 4 papillae showed a significant relationship with difficult cannulation compared to type 1 (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.008 respectively). The indication other than choledocholithiasis also showed a significant relationship with difficult cannulation (p<0.001). In the adjusted analysis, the RR for difficult cannulation compared to type 1 papilla was: 2.51 (95% CI 1.23-5.94) for type 2 papilla, 3.72 (95% CI 1.79-7.71) for papilla type 3 and 3.41 (95% CI 1.54-7.71) for type 4. The indication other than choledocholithiasis was also associated with a higher risk of difficult cannulation with a RR of 2.36 (95% CI 1.57-3.56). The fistulotomy type precut was used more frequently in the type 3 papilla (46%), while the use of cannula was more frequent in the type 4 papilla (29.6%). Conclusions : Papilla types 2, 3 and 4 are associated with a higher risk of difficult cannulation. This should be considered when performing ERCP in order to reduce the risk of complications.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: COVID-19 affects the liver, causing alteration in liver biochemistry tests such as aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and albumin. Objective: To determine the prevalence of alteration in liver functions tests and associated factors for severity among Peruvian COVID-19 patients. Materials and methods: A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study was performed in 4 public hospitals in Peru. Patients admitted to hospitalization wards and intensive care units with a diagnosis COVID-19 were enrolled. The evaluation of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin and albumin was performed. Associations with demographic and medical data were assessed. Results: 1,100 patients were enrolled, of which 81.7% had altered liver function tests. Only 2.8% of the patients had cirrhosis and 2.1% hepatitis B/C virus. AST and ALT were altered at admission in 64.7% and 63.7%, of the patients respectively. Factors associated with liver injury were: being female OR=0.53 (95% CI: 0.39-0.73; p<0.01), dyslipidemia OR=1.72 (95% CI: 1.10-2.70; p=0.01), previous medication OR=1.56 (95% CI: 1.12 -2.16, p<0.01) and fever OR=1.43 (95% CI: 1.03-1.199, p=0.03). Disease severity was associated with levels of AST and ALT (p<0.01). Patients taking self-medication OR=1.56 (95% CI: 1.12-2.16; p<0.01) and paracetamol OR= 1.41 (95% CI:1.01-1.98; p=0.04) had higher risk of liver injury. Meanwhile, corticosteroids OR=0.55 (95% CI: 0.38-0.78; p<0.01) and enoxaparin OR=0.53 (95% CI: 0.35- 0.81; p<0.01) were protective factors. Conclusions: Peruvian patients with COVID-19 presented high prevalence of alteration in liver function tests, high levels of AST and ALT were related to disease severity.
Introducción: La COVID-19 afecta al hígado, provocando alteración en las pruebas de función hepática como aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), fosfatasa alcalina (FA), bilirrubina total y albúmina. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de alteración en las pruebas de función hepática y su asociación con la severidad en pacientes peruanos con COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal en 4 hospitales públicos del Perú. Se incluyeron pacientes admitidos en hospitalización y unidades de cuidados intensivos con diagnóstico de COVID-19. Se realizó la evaluación de AST, ALT, FA, bilirrubina total y albúmina. Se evaluaron las asociaciones con datos demográficos y médicos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1,100 pacientes, de los cuales el 81,7% presentaba alteraciones en las pruebas de función hepática. Solo el 2,8% de los pacientes tenía cirrosis y el 2,1% infección por virus de la hepatitis B / C. Se encontraron niveles alterados de AST y ALT al ingreso en el 64,7% y 63,7% de los pacientes, respectivamente. Los factores asociados con alteración en pruebas de función hepáticas fueron: ser mujer OR = 0,53 (IC 95%: 0,39-0,73; p <0,01), dislipidemia OR=1,72 (IC 95%: 1,10-2,70; p=0,01), uso de medicación previa OR = 1,56 (IC del 95%: 1,12 -2,16, p <0,01) y fiebre OR = 1,43 (IC del 95%: 1,03-1,199, p = 0,03). La gravedad de la enfermedad se asoció con los niveles de AST y ALT (p <0,01). Los pacientes que se automedicaban OR = 1,56 (IC 95%: 1,12-2,16; p <0,01) y tomaban paracetamol OR = 1,41 (IC 95%: 1,01-1,98; p =0,04) tenían mayor riesgo de injuria hepática. Mientras tanto, los corticosteroides OR=0,55 (IC del 95%: 0,38-0,78; p <0,01) y la enoxaparina OR=0,53 (IC del 95%: 0,35-0,81; p <0,01) fueron factores protectores. Conclusiones: los pacientes peruanos con COVID-19 presentaron alta prevalencia de alteración en las pruebas de función hepática, niveles elevados de AST y ALT se relacionaron con la gravedad de la enfermedad.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Difficult cannulation in cases of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) could be associated with several factors, including: type of major papilla, however, there are limited data regarding this possible association. OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between the type of papilla and difficult biliary cannulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in patients over 18 years old who underwent ERCP on papilla naive, from July 2019 to April 2021, in a private institution. Unsuccessful cannulations were excluded. The papilla was classified based on Haraldsson classification. The crude association and adjusted for possible confounders between the type of papilla and difficult cannulation was evaluated. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: 188 patients were included. The mean age was 55 years, 66% female. The most frequent indication was choledocholithiasis with 88.5%. The most frequent type of major duodenal papilla was type 1 (32%), followed by type 3 (27%), type 2 (25%) and type 4 (16%). Type 2, 3, 4 papillae showed a significant relationship with difficult cannulation compared to type 1 (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.008 respectively). The indication other than choledocholithiasis also showed a significant relationship with difficult cannulation (p<0.001). In the adjusted analysis, the RR for difficult cannulation compared to type 1 papilla was: 2.51 (95% CI 1.23-5.94) for type 2 papilla, 3.72 (95% CI 1.79-7.71) for papilla type 3 and 3.41 (95% CI 1.54-7.71) for type 4. Theindication other than choledocholithiasis was also associated with a higher risk of difficult cannulation with a RR of 2.36 (95% CI 1.57-3.56). The fistulotomy type precut was used more frequently in the type 3 papilla (46%), while the use of cannula was more frequent in the type 4 papilla (29.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Papilla types 2, 3 and 4 are associated with a higher risk of difficult cannulation. This should be considered when performing ERCP in order to reduce the risk of complications.
